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arbitration agreements "shall be valid irrevocable, and | | enforceable, save upon such grounds as exist at law or in equity | | for the revocation of any contract." Because of the significant | | body of case law that has developed over the interpretation of | | this language in both the UAA and the FAA, this section, for the | | most part, is intact. |
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| | | Section 6(a) provides that any terms in the arbitration | | agreement must be in a "record." This too follows both the UAA | | and FAA requirements that arbitration agreements be in | | writing. However, a subsequent, oral agreement about terms of | | an arbitration contract is valid. This position is in accord | | with the unanimous holding of courts that a written contract | | can be modified by a subsequent, oral arrangement provided | | that the latter is supported by valid consideration. Premier | | Technical Sales, Inc. v. Digital Equip. Corp., 11 F. Supp. 2d | | 1156 (N.D. Cal. 1998); Cambridgeport Savings Bank v. Boersner, | | 413 Mass. 432, 597 N.E.2d 1017 (1992); Pellegrene v. Luther, | | 403 Pa. 212, 169 A.2d 298 (1961); Pacific Dev., L.C. v. Orton, | | 982 P.2d 94 (Utah App. 1999). Indeed it is typical in the | | arbitration context, for many parties to have only a short | | statement in their contracts concerning the resolution of | | disputes by arbitration, and perhaps a reference to the rules | | of an arbitration organization. It is oftentimes only after | | the initial arbitration agreement is written and when a | | dispute arises that the parties enter into more detailed | | agreements as to how their arbitration process will work. Such | | subsequent understandings, whether oral or written, are part | | of the arbitration agreement. |
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| | | Subsection (a), being the same as Section 1 of the Uniform | | Arbitration Act ("UAA"), is intended to include arbitration | | provisions contained in the bylaws of corporate or other | | associations as valid and enforceable arbitration agreements. | | Courts that have addressed whether arbitration provisions | | contained in the bylaws of corporate or other associations are | | enforceable under the UAA have unanimously held that they are. | | See Elbadramany v. Stanley, 490 So.2d 964, 964-65 (Fla. Dist. | | Ct. App. 1986); Wigod v. Chicago Mercantile Exchange, 490 | | N.E.2d 39 (Ill. App. Ct. 1986); Van C. Argiris & Co. v. May, 398 N.E.2d | | 1239, 1240 (Ill. App. Ct. 1979); Maine Cent. R. Co. v. Bangor | | & Aroostook R. Co., 395 A.2d 1107, 1119-1121 (Me. 1978). See | | also Keith Adams & Associates, Inc. v. Edwards, 477 P.2d 36, | | 38 (Wash. Ct. App. 1970); Willard Alexander, Inc. v. Glasser, | | 290 N.E.2d 813, 814 (N.Y. 1972). |
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| | | This result, that corporate bylaws are contracts between the | | corporation and its shareholders and among its shareholders, | | is consistent with the rule in the majority of jurisdictions, | | including Delaware, New York, Illinois, Massachusetts, and | | California. See ER Holdings, Inc. v. Norton Co., 735 F. Supp. |
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