§1-1201. General definitions
(CONTAINS TEXT WITH VARYING EFFECTIVE DATES)
Unless the context otherwise requires, words or phrases defined in this section, or in the additional definitions contained in other Articles of the Uniform Commercial Code that apply to particular Articles or Parts thereof, have the meanings stated.
[PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §2 (NEW); PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §4 (AFF).]
Subject to definitions contained in other Articles of the Uniform Commercial Code that apply to particular Articles or Parts thereof, the following terms have the following meanings.
[PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §2 (NEW); PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §4 (AFF).]
(1).
"Action," in the sense of a judicial proceeding, includes recoupment, counterclaim, set-off, suit in equity and any other proceeding in which rights are determined.
[PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §2 (NEW); PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §4 (AFF).]
(2).
"Aggrieved party" means a party entitled to pursue a remedy.
[PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §2 (NEW); PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §4 (AFF).]
(3).
"Agreement," as distinguished from "contract," means the bargain of the parties in fact, as found in their language or inferred from other circumstances, including course of performance, course of dealing or usage of trade as provided in section 1‑1303.
[PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §2 (NEW); PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §4 (AFF).]
(4).
"Bank" means a person engaged in the business of banking and includes a savings bank, savings and loan association, credit union and trust company.
[PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §2 (NEW); PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §4 (AFF).]
(5).
"Bearer" means a person in control of a negotiable electronic document of title or a person in possession of a negotiable instrument, negotiable tangible document of title or certificated security that is payable to bearer or indorsed in blank.
[PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §2 (NEW); PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §4 (AFF).]
(6).
"Bill of lading" means a document of title evidencing the receipt of goods for shipment issued by a person engaged in the business of directly or indirectly transporting or forwarding goods. The term does not include a warehouse receipt.
[PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §2 (NEW); PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §4 (AFF).]
(7).
"Branch" includes a separately incorporated foreign branch of a bank.
[PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §2 (NEW); PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §4 (AFF).]
(8).
"Burden of establishing" a fact means the burden of persuading the trier of fact that the existence of the fact is more probable than its nonexistence.
[PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §2 (NEW); PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §4 (AFF).]
(9).
"Buyer in ordinary course of business" means a person that buys goods in good faith, without knowledge that the sale violates the rights of another person in the goods, and in the ordinary course from a person, other than a pawnbroker, in the business of selling goods of that kind. A person buys goods in the ordinary course if the sale to the person comports with the usual or customary practices in the kind of business in which the seller is engaged or with the seller's own usual or customary practices. A person that sells oil, gas or other minerals at the wellhead or minehead is a person in the business of selling goods of that kind. A buyer in ordinary course of business may buy for cash, by exchange of other property or on secured or unsecured credit, and may acquire goods or documents of title under a preexisting contract for sale. Only a buyer that takes possession of the goods or has a right to recover the goods from the seller under Article 2 may be a buyer in ordinary course of business. "Buyer in ordinary course of business" does not include a person that acquires goods in a transfer in bulk or as security for or in total or partial satisfaction of a money debt.
[PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §2 (NEW); PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §4 (AFF).]
(10).
(TEXT EFFECTIVE UNTIL 7/01/25) "Conspicuous," with reference to a term, means so written, displayed or presented that a reasonable person against which it is to operate ought to have noticed it. Whether a term is "conspicuous" or not is a decision for the court. Conspicuous terms include the following:
(a).
A heading in capitals equal to or greater in size than the surrounding text, or in contrasting type, font or color to the surrounding text of the same or lesser size; and
[PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §2 (NEW); PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §4 (AFF).]
(b).
Language in the body of a record or display in larger type than the surrounding text, or in contrasting type, font or color to the surrounding text of the same size, or set off from surrounding text of the same size by symbols or other marks that call attention to the language.
[PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §2 (NEW); PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §4 (AFF).]
[PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §2 (NEW); PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §4 (AFF).]
(10).
(TEXT EFFECTIVE 7/01/25) "Conspicuous," with reference to a term, means so written, displayed or presented that, based on the totality of the circumstances, a reasonable person against which it is to operate ought to have noticed it. Whether a term is "conspicuous" or not is a decision for the court.
(a).
[PL 2023, c. 669, Pt. A, §1 (RP); PL 2023, c. 669, Pt. E, §1 (AFF).]
(b).
[PL 2023, c. 669, Pt. A, §1 (RP); PL 2023, c. 669, Pt. E, §1 (AFF).]
[PL 2023, c. 669, Pt. A, §1 (AMD); PL 2023, c. 669, Pt. E, §1 (AFF).]
(11).
"Consumer" means an individual who enters into a transaction primarily for personal, family or household purposes.
[PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §2 (NEW); PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §4 (AFF).]
(12).
"Contract," as distinguished from "agreement," means the total legal obligation that results from the parties' agreement as determined by the Uniform Commercial Code as supplemented by any other applicable laws.
[PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §2 (NEW); PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §4 (AFF).]
(13).
"Creditor" includes a general creditor, a secured creditor, a lien creditor and any representative of creditors, including an assignee for the benefit of creditors, a trustee in bankruptcy, a receiver in equity and an executor or administrator of an insolvent debtor's or assignor's estate.
[PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §2 (NEW); PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §4 (AFF).]
(14).
"Defendant" includes a person in the position of defendant in a counterclaim, cross-claim or 3rd-party claim.
[PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §2 (NEW); PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §4 (AFF).]
(15).
(TEXT EFFECTIVE UNTIL 7/01/25) "Delivery," with respect to an electronic document of title means voluntary transfer of control and with respect to an instrument, a tangible document of title or chattel paper, means voluntary transfer of possession.
[PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §2 (NEW); PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §4 (AFF).]
(15).
(TEXT EFFECTIVE 7/01/25) "Delivery," with respect to an electronic document of title, means voluntary transfer of control and, with respect to an instrument, a tangible document of title or an authoritative tangible copy of a record evidencing chattel paper, means voluntary transfer of possession.
[PL 2023, c. 669, Pt. A, §2 (AMD); PL 2023, c. 669, Pt. E, §1 (AFF).]
(16).
"Document of title" means a record:
(a).
That in the regular course of business or financing is treated as adequately evidencing that the person in possession or control of the record is entitled to receive, control, hold and dispose of the record and the goods the record covers; and
[PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §2 (NEW); PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §4 (AFF).]
(b).
That purports to be issued by or addressed to a bailee and to cover goods in the bailee's possession that are either identified or are fungible portions of an identified mass.
[PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §2 (NEW); PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §4 (AFF).]
The term includes a bill of lading, transport document, dock warrant, dock receipt, warehouse receipt and order for delivery of goods. An electronic document of title means a document of title evidenced by a record consisting of information stored in an electronic medium. A tangible document of title means a document of title evidenced by a record consisting of information that is inscribed on a tangible medium.
[PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §2 (NEW); PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §4 (AFF).]
(16-A).
(TEXT EFFECTIVE 7/01/25) "Electronic" means relating to technology having electrical, digital, magnetic, wireless, optical, electromagnetic or similar capabilities.
[PL 2023, c. 669, Pt. A, §3 (NEW); PL 2023, c. 669, Pt. E, §1 (AFF).]
(17).
"Fault" means a default, breach or wrongful act or omission.
[PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §2 (NEW); PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §4 (AFF).]
(18).
"Fungible goods" means:
(a).
Goods of which any unit, by nature or usage of trade, is the equivalent of any other like unit; or
[PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §2 (NEW); PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §4 (AFF).]
(b).
Goods that by agreement are treated as equivalent.
[PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §2 (NEW); PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §4 (AFF).]
[PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §2 (NEW); PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §4 (AFF).]
(19).
"Genuine" means free of forgery or counterfeiting.
[PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §2 (NEW); PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §4 (AFF).]
(20).
"Good faith," except as otherwise provided in Article 5‑A, means honesty in fact and the observance of reasonable commercial standards of fair dealing.
[RR 2013, c. 2, §16 (COR).]
(21).
"Holder" means:
(a).
The person in possession of a negotiable instrument that is payable either to bearer or to an identified person that is the person in possession;
[PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §2 (NEW); PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §4 (AFF).]
(b).
The person in possession of a negotiable tangible document of title if the goods are deliverable either to bearer or to the order of the person in possession; and
[PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §2 (NEW); PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §4 (AFF).]
(c).
(TEXT EFFECTIVE UNTIL 7/01/25) The person in control of a negotiable electronic document of title.
[PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §2 (NEW); PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §4 (AFF).]
(c).
(TEXT EFFECTIVE 7/01/25) The person in control, other than pursuant to section 7‑1106, of a negotiable electronic document of title.
[PL 2023, c. 669, Pt. A, §4 (AMD); PL 2023, c. 669, Pt. E, §1 (AFF).]
[PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §2 (NEW); PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §4 (AFF); PL 2023, c. 669, Pt. A, §4 (AMD); PL 2023, c. 669, Pt. E, §1 (AFF).]
(22).
"Insolvency proceeding" includes an assignment for the benefit of creditors or other proceeding intended to liquidate or rehabilitate the estate of the person involved.
[PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §2 (NEW); PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §4 (AFF).]
(23).
"Insolvent" means:
(a).
Having generally ceased to pay debts in the ordinary course of business other than as a result of bona fide dispute;
[PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §2 (NEW); PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §4 (AFF).]
(b).
Being unable to pay debts as they become due; or
[PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §2 (NEW); PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §4 (AFF).]
(c).
Being insolvent within the meaning of federal bankruptcy law.
[PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §2 (NEW); PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §4 (AFF).]
[PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §2 (NEW); PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §4 (AFF).]
(24).
(TEXT EFFECTIVE UNTIL 7/01/25) "Money" means a medium of exchange currently authorized or adopted by a domestic or foreign government. The term includes a monetary unit of account established by an intergovernmental organization or by agreement between 2 or more countries.
[PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §2 (NEW); PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §4 (AFF).]
(24).
(TEXT EFFECTIVE 7/01/25) "Money" means a medium of exchange that is currently authorized or adopted by a domestic or foreign government and is not in an electronic form. The term includes a monetary unit of account established by an intergovernmental organization or by agreement between 2 or more countries.
[PL 2023, c. 669, Pt. A, §5 (AMD); PL 2023, c. 669, Pt. E, §1 (AFF).]
(25).
"Organization" means a person other than an individual.
[PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §2 (NEW); PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §4 (AFF).]
(26).
"Party," as distinguished from "3rd party," means a person that has engaged in a transaction or made an agreement subject to the Uniform Commercial Code.
[PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §2 (NEW); PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §4 (AFF).]
(27).
(TEXT EFFECTIVE UNTIL 7/01/25) "Person" means an individual, corporation, business trust, estate, trust, partnership, limited liability company, association, joint venture, government, governmental subdivision, agency or instrumentality, public corporation or any other legal or commercial entity.
[PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §2 (NEW); PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §4 (AFF).]
(27).
(TEXT EFFECTIVE 7/01/25) "Person" means an individual, corporation, business trust, estate, trust, partnership, limited liability company, association, joint venture, government, governmental subdivision, agency or instrumentality or any other legal or commercial entity. "Person" includes a protected series, however denominated, of an entity if the protected series is established under law other than the Uniform Commercial Code that limits, or limits if conditions specified under the law are satisfied, the ability of a creditor of the entity or of any other protected series of the entity to satisfy a claim from assets of the protected series.
[PL 2023, c. 669, Pt. A, §6 (AMD); PL 2023, c. 669, Pt. E, §1 (AFF).]
(28).
"Present value" means the amount as of a date certain of one or more sums payable in the future, discounted to the date certain by use of either an interest rate specified by the parties if that rate is not manifestly unreasonable at the time the transaction is entered into or, if an interest rate is not so specified, a commercially reasonable rate that takes into account the facts and circumstances at the time the transaction is entered into.
[PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §2 (NEW); PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §4 (AFF).]
(29).
"Purchase" means taking by sale, lease, discount, negotiation, mortgage, pledge, lien, security interest, issue or reissue, gift or any other voluntary transaction creating an interest in property.
[PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §2 (NEW); PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §4 (AFF).]
(30).
"Purchaser" means a person that takes by purchase.
[PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §2 (NEW); PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §4 (AFF).]
(31).
"Record" means information that is inscribed on a tangible medium or that is stored in an electronic or other medium and is retrievable in perceivable form.
[PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §2 (NEW); PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §4 (AFF).]
(32).
"Remedy" means any remedial right to which an aggrieved party is entitled with or without resort to a tribunal.
[PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §2 (NEW); PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §4 (AFF).]
(33).
"Representative" means a person empowered to act for another, including an agent, an officer of a corporation or association and a trustee, executor or administrator of an estate.
[PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §2 (NEW); PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §4 (AFF).]
(34).
"Right" includes remedy.
[PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §2 (NEW); PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §4 (AFF).]
(35).
"Security interest" means an interest in personal property or fixtures that secures payment or performance of an obligation. "Security interest" includes any interest of a consignor and a buyer of accounts, chattel paper, a payment intangible or a promissory note in a transaction that is subject to Article 9‑A. "Security interest" does not include the special property interest of a buyer of goods on identification of those goods to a contract for sale under section 2‑401, but a buyer may also acquire a "security interest" by complying with Article 9‑A. Except as otherwise provided in section 2‑505, the right of a seller or lessor of goods under Article 2 or 2‑A to retain or acquire possession of the goods is not a "security interest," but a seller or lessor may also acquire a "security interest" by complying with Article 9‑A. The retention or reservation of title by a seller of goods notwithstanding shipment or delivery to the buyer under section 2‑401 is limited in effect to a reservation of a "security interest." Whether a transaction in the form of a lease creates a "security interest" is determined pursuant to section 1‑1203.
[PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §2 (NEW); PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §4 (AFF).]
(36).
(TEXT EFFECTIVE UNTIL 7/01/25) "Send" in connection with a writing, record or notice means:
(a).
To deposit in the mail or deliver for transmission by any other usual means of communication with postage or cost of transmission provided for and properly addressed and, in the case of an instrument, to an address specified thereon or otherwise agreed, or if there be none to any address reasonable under the circumstances; or
[PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §2 (NEW); PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §4 (AFF).]
(b).
In any other way to cause to be received any record or notice within the time it would have arrived if properly sent.
[PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §2 (NEW); PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §4 (AFF).]
[PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §2 (NEW); PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §4 (AFF).]
(36).
(TEXT EFFECTIVE 7/01/25) "Send," in connection with a record or notification, means:
(a).
To deposit in the mail, deliver for transmission or transmit by any other usual means of communication, with postage or cost of transmission provided for, addressed to any address reasonable under the circumstances; or
[PL 2023, c. 669, Pt. A, §7 (AMD); PL 2023, c. 669, Pt. E, §1 (AFF).]
(b).
To cause the record or notification to be received within the time it would have been received if properly sent under paragraph (a).
[PL 2023, c. 669, Pt. A, §7 (AMD); PL 2023, c. 669, Pt. E, §1 (AFF).]
[PL 2023, c. 669, Pt. A, §7 (AMD); PL 2023, c. 669, Pt. E, §1 (AFF).]
(37).
(TEXT EFFECTIVE UNTIL 7/01/25) "Signed" includes using any symbol executed or adopted with present intention to adopt or accept a writing.
[PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §2 (NEW); PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §4 (AFF).]
(37).
(TEXT REPEALED 7/01/25)
[PL 2023, c. 669, Pt. A, §8 (RP); PL 2023, c. 669, Pt. E, §1 (AFF).]
(37-A).
(TEXT EFFECTIVE 7/01/25) "Sign" means, with present intent to authenticate or adopt a record:
(a).
To execute or adopt a tangible symbol; or
[PL 2023, c. 669, Pt. A, §9 (NEW); PL 2023, c. 669, Pt. E, §1 (AFF).]
(b).
To attach to or logically associate with the record an electronic symbol, sound or process.
[PL 2023, c. 669, Pt. A, §9 (NEW); PL 2023, c. 669, Pt. E, §1 (AFF).]
"Signed," "signing" and "signature" have corresponding meanings.
[PL 2023, c. 669, Pt. A, §9 (NEW); PL 2023, c. 669, Pt. E, §1 (AFF).]
(38).
"State" means a state of the United States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the United States Virgin Islands or any territory or insular possession subject to the jurisdiction of the United States.
[PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §2 (NEW); PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §4 (AFF).]
(39).
"Surety" includes a guarantor or other secondary obligor.
[PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §2 (NEW); PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §4 (AFF).]
(40).
"Term" means a portion of an agreement that relates to a particular matter.
[PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §2 (NEW); PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §4 (AFF).]
(41).
"Unauthorized signature" means a signature made without actual, implied or apparent authority. The term includes a forgery.
[PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §2 (NEW); PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §4 (AFF).]
(42).
"Warehouse receipt" means a document of title issued by a person engaged in the business of storing goods for hire.
[PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §2 (NEW); PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §4 (AFF).]
(43).
"Writing" includes printing, typewriting or any other intentional reduction to tangible form. "Written" has a corresponding meaning.
[PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §2 (NEW); PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §4 (AFF).]
SECTION HISTORY
PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §2 (NEW). PL 2009, c. 325, Pt. A, §4 (AFF). RR 2013, c. 2, §16 (COR). PL 2023, c. 669, Pt. A, §§1-9 (AMD). PL 2023, c. 669, Pt. E, §1 (AFF).